I hope that your return to in-person instruction is bringing you and your students joy! If you need a little pick me up, the C3 Teaching + Learning Center in OC 1252 is open 24/7 for your convenience and has a fully stocked coffee bar. I’ll be there today with some of our fantastic colleagues from 11am-1pm.
These weekly newsletters feature 3 resources related to teaching and learning, 2 online tips and tricks, and 1 question for reflection.
(3) Resources
Save the Date for March 9th at 4pm! The C3 is facilitating a workshop hosted by outside speaker, Jonathan Malesic, about burn out and ways to sustain ourselves as people and teachers through the many changes we’ve experienced over the last couple years. More information will be available soon!
Do you still have questions about the return to in-person instruction? Please check out the helpful FAQ developed in consultation with faculty and administrators. You can even ask additional questions, too! I also recommend Watching the Teaching in Person: Lessons from Fall 2021 recording from FLEX week.
(2) Tips & Tricks
Now that we are seeing some of our students in person again, we may be noticing a need for additional support. The Student Support page in Canvas is a great place to direct students. And, it’s worth looking at all of the CARE support available for financial, food, mental health, and technology needs.
Microsoft Word includes options for adding accessibility information to documents to support access by individuals with disabilities. This information also ensures that Microsoft Word documents converted into other formats (e.g., tagged PDF, ePub, DAISY, etc.) maintain this level of accessibility. The best practices for Microsoft Word accessibility include attention to:
Headings & Structure
Images
Links
Tables
Color
Accessibility Checker
Exporting to Other Formats
Structure
Page structure provides visual references to help readers scan the content. Microsoft Word Accessibility can be improved by adding the following:
Headings
Lists
Headings
Headings can provide an organizational and navigational framework for a document’s content, communicating both the informational hierarchy and relationship between different sections. Headings also provide a simple mechanism for an individual using assistive technologies to “jump” from one heading to the next when navigating the document.
From the Home tab, choose the Styles Pane. This will open the list of heading and other styles for use in the document.
Place focus on the appropriate content and choose the relevant heading style.
Headings can be marked with the following
Mac keyboard shortcuts:
+Option+1 applies the Heading 1 style
+Option+2 applies the Heading 2 style
+Option+3 applies the Heading 3 style
Windows keyboard shortcuts:
CTRL + ALT + 1 applies the Heading 1 style
CTRL + ALT + 2 applies the Heading 2 style
CTRL + ALT + 3 applies the Heading 3 style
Important considerations
Technical guidelines:
Headings should follow a logical structure that identifies content based on the organizational content and hierarchy of information in the document.
Avoid skipping heading levels – modify the style of the heading if you prefer a specific font or appearance.
Formatting guidelines:
For additional guidance on formatting, please review the information on Structure.
Headings should be short and succinct
To change the appearance of a heading, read Modify a Style for more information or follow the directions below:
Highlight the heading.
Use the font and formatting tools to change the appearance.
Right-click the heading style.
Select Update Heading to Match Selection. This option will automatically update all of the heading styles in the document to the desired format.
The default Heading 1 and Heading 3 styles lack sufficient color contrast.
Lists
Lists provide a structured order to a group of connected or sequential content. A numbered or bulleted list may present the same information more effectively than simple data tables with fewer steps.
Lists in Microsoft Word
Highlight the grouped list of items.
In the Home tab, select the appropriate list style (i.e, numbered list or bulleted list).
Important considerations
For additional guidance on formatting lists, please review the information on Structure.
List guidelines:
Remove any lists manually created, such as those using dashes or asterisk characters. Manual lists are not “true” lists.
Avoid using indentation to provide a visual list in lieu of the list style button.
Ordered or numbered lists are used to present a group of items (words, phrases, sentences) that follow a sequence
Unordered or bulleted lists are used for a group of items without a sequence
Lists should contain at least two or more list items, unless being used to create an outline.
Nested lists are acceptable, such as a numbered list that contains a nested bulleted list.
Images
Images that support the content require a text description (also called “alt text”) that communicates the purpose and/or content of the image. This information is presented to the individual using assistive technologies, allowing them to hear the description of the image. Image descriptions should be short and communicate the main purpose of the image. Images that are considered decorative can be marked as such and are ignored by assistive technologies.
If a longer description of the image is necessary to fully explain its content, consider inserting a more detailed description of the image within the document text that precedes and/or follows the image.
Adding Alt Text
Select and right-click the image.
Select Edit Alt Text…
Provide a brief and concise description and “X” or close the window.
Marking a Decorative Image
Select the image. Right-click the image.
Select Edit Alt Text…
Select Mark as decorative and “X” or close the window.
Important considerations
For additional guidance on writing effective text descriptions (i.e., alt text), please review the information on Images.
Technical guidelines
“Behind Text” or “In Front of Text” is not recommended due to how this format setting can obscure text and make the content difficult or impossible to read.
For older versions of Microsoft Word, leave the Title field bank, and only use the Description field for alt text.
Formatting guidelines
A text description should convey the purpose or content of the image in approximately 120 characters or less. Avoid repeating the same information as contained in the surrounding text.
If the image is complex, consider providing additional information in the surrounding text of the document while providing a shortened text description.
Do not include the file format in the alt text (Example: .JPEG, .PNG)
Do not include “picture of” or “image of” in the alt text.
For older versions of Microsoft Word, leave the Title field bank, and only use the Description field for alt text.
Hyperlinks
Documents containing hyperlinks to websites or other online resources can be improved by including hyperlink text that is understood by the reader. Using the full URL as the hyperlink text may not make sense to the reader, particularly if it is long.
Place the cursor anywhere on the desired hyperlink. Right-click the hyperlink.
Select Hyperlink, then Edit Hyperlink.
Under Text to Display, write the descriptive text for the hyperlink, keeping the text name short and descriptive.
Select OK.
Important considerations
Use link text that is descriptive and or informs the person as to the link’s destination. For additional guidance on formatting and why descriptive text is important for hyperlinks, please review the information on Links.
Tables
Tables in Microsoft Word should be used for data and not layout purposes. An accessible table includes the following:
At least one header (row and/or column).
Alt Text description summarizing the table
Apply At Least One Header
To mark a header row for a data table:
Select the table to reveal Table Design. (Note: this tab will only appear if the table is selected.)
In the far left-hand section, determine the required header type:
Header row: check the box Header Row.
Column header: check the box First Column.
Highlight the header row of your table. Right-click the table. Select Table Properties.
In the Row tab, check the box Repeat as header row at the top of each page.
In the Alt Text tab, write a short, one sentence description of what the table information presents.
Select OK.
Alt Text description summarizing the table
Right-click the table. Select Table Properties.
In the Row tab, check the box Repeat as header row at the top of each page.
In the Alt Text tab, write a short, one sentence description of what the table information presents.
Select OK.
Color
Color can be an effective method to communicate ideas and draw attention to information. Ensuring there is sufficient contrast as well as using color in combination with other formatting can support a diverse campus community, including individuals with visual disabilities.
Contrast
When choosing colors to present text information in documents, choose color options that provide a contrast ratio of:
4.5:1 for regular text
3:1 for 18 point font and larger, or 14 point font and bold
In general, pastel colors or the “light” version of a particular color do not provide sufficient contrast against a white background.
Contrast ratios may be evaluated using tools such as:
When using color to indicate a specific condition or state, include some formatting attribute to also provide a distinguishing characteristic. For example, if a list of vocabulary words were identified only in red text, this could present difficulties for an individual who had some type of color-blindness.
Options to support accessibility can include a combination of color AND formatting, such as:
Red text with Bold formatting
Using an asterisk, brackets, or other annotation symbols in addition to color
For more information on using color or these tools, please review the information on Color.
Accessibility Checker
Microsoft Word features an accessibility checker that can assist in identifying accessibility issues.
On the ribbon, select Review.
Select Check Accessibility.
The Accessibility checker will appear on the right-hand side.
Errors, Warnings, and Tips
The Accessibility Checker presents the results in a pane on the right-hand side of the interface. It organizes the results into three categories: Errors, Warnings, and Tips.
Errors – Must Fix Errors are issues which indicate content that contains an accessibility issue and is extremely challenging, if not impossible, to read or understand.
Note the following cannot be completely resolved – these results will continuously appear:
Warnings – Most Likely Will Need to Address Warnings indicate that the content may be challenging for individuals with disabilities to read or understand. Resolving some Warning may require the author to consider a different visual or organizational layout.
Tips – Very Helpful Tips are pointers intended to help you improve the user experience of your audience by streamlining and organizing your content in certain ways. Tips provide additional guidance and will appear depending on the content.
The Accessibility Checker is a good starting point towards identifying potential accessibility issues in a document. Microsoft continually updates the Accessibility Checker rules and so newer versions of Microsoft products may result in a different list of accessibility results. Using the Accessibility Checker can help identify some of the more significant accessibility issues present in a document.
Exporting to Other Formats
Including accessible authoring practices into Microsoft Word documents allows for versions exported as other formats to retain most, if not all, accessibility features.
Important
Never choose a “Print” to PDF option in Office, or in any other program. A screen reader user may still be able to access the text of a PDF created in this way, but heading structure, alternative text, and any other tag structure will be lost.
Create PDF with MS Word
Mac
For Mac users, read Microsoft Word’s Support for converting to PDF on your Mac for additional guidance.
In File, select Save As…
Select PDF
Select the radio button, Best for electronic distribution and accessibility (uses Microsoft online service).
Select Export.
Create PDF with Acrobat
It is easier to create an accessible MS Word document rather than trying to fix accessibility issues in a PDF document.
Use the Acrobat plug-in in the ribbon. Select the Acrobat tab.
Select Create PDF.
If using a Mac with Acrobat Adobe installed, select Best for electronic distribution and accessibility (uses Microsoft online service).
Microsoft PowerPoint includes options for adding accessibility information to slides to support access by individuals with disabilities. This information also ensures that Microsoft PowerPoint files maintain a level of accessibility when converted into other formats (e.g., tagged PDF). The best practices for Microsoft PowerPoint accessibility include:
Structure
Images
Links
Tables
Accessibility Checker
Exporting to Other Formats
Structure
In Microsoft PowerPoint presentations, the structure of the content can provide an organizational and navigational framework for individuals to understand the informational hierarchy and relationship between different sections of content. These structural elements can help determine the organization and logical reading order of the presentation for an individual using assistive technologies.
Slide Title
The Slide Title is used to provide a heading for the slide’s content. Slide titles should be unique and descriptive to help users navigate to specific content on the slides.
View and edit all titles quickly:
Select View.
Select Outline View.
Edit the titles according.
If slide titles that are the same, provide a numerical reference to differentiate the first slide from subsequent slides. For example, if there are two consecutive slides that cover the same topic, “Muscle Atrophy”, consider using “Muscle Atrophy 1” and “Muscle Atrophy 2”.
Slide Layout
Using preset slide layouts will automatically control the reading order and structure of content placed on the slide.
To choose a slide layout:
To locate Slide Layout, select Home > select New Slide.
If text boxes are separately created from the preset slide layouts, this information may not be in the correct reading order. If content is manually placed onto a blank slide, you will need to assess and manage the reading order using the Arrange button.
To review and fix reading order:
Select Home > Arrange > Selection Pane
Reading order begins at the bottom of the list. First highlight the “Title” and use the Up Arrow to view the reading order on the slide.
List
Use the built-in list styles to provide users additional guidance.
Do the grouped items convey a process or have a logical sequence? Use the number list style.
Is this grouped list of items in no particular order? Use the bullet list style.
Select Home.
Select either the bullet or number list style.
Images
Images that support the content require a text description (also called “alternate text”) to communicate the purpose and/or content of the image. Image descriptions should be short and communicate the main purpose of the image. If a longer description of the image is necessary to fully explain its content, consider alternate strategies outlined on the Images page.
To add the alternate text:
Right-click the image.
Select Edit Alt Text…
In the Alt Text window, write a descriptive text.
For images that are not supplementary to the content, consider using the check box Mark as decorative.
Important considerations
For additional guidance on writing effective text descriptions (i.e., alt text), please review the information on Images.
Formatting guidelines
A text description should convey the purpose or content of the image in approximately 120 characters or less. Avoid repeating the same information as contained in the surrounding text.
If the image is complex, consider providing additional information in the surrounding text of the document while providing a shortened text description.
Do not include the file format in the alt text (Example: .JPEG, .PNG)
Do not include “picture of” or “image of” in the alt text.
For older versions of PowerPoint, leave the Title field bank, and only use the Description field for alt text.
Hyperlinks
Documents containing hyperlinks to websites or other online resources can be improved by including hyperlink text that is understood by the reader. For instance, using the full hyperlink URL may not make sense to the reader without some context.
Highlight the short descriptive phase or words that will become the descriptive hyperlink.
Select the Link button in the menu.
In the Address field, add the desired URL.
Select OK.
For additional guidance, please refer to Links.
If the PowerPoint presentation is intended to also serve as a handout with resource hyperlinks, content authors may want to create a reference slide at the end that lists the full URL of the hyperlink.
Tables
When possible, use a simple table structure for tabular data. Using tables with split cells, merged cells, or nested tables can lead to issues with assistive technologies recognizing the appropriate column and row header information in a data table.
Avoid using a table to manage layout. Instead, use a Slide Layout that orients content into the appropriate visual layout as desired.
Tables should include the following:
At least one header (the row and/or column).
Alt Text description summarizing the table
Specify the Header
To mark a header row for a data table:
Select the table to reveal Table Design. (Note: this tab will only appear if the table is selected.)
In the far left-hand section, determine the required header type:
Header row: check the box Header Row.
Column header: check the box First Column.
Add Alt Text
Right-click on any of the white perimeter squares.
Select Edit Alt text…
Write descriptive Alt Text in the Alt Text field.
For additional guidance, please read Complex Graphs and Layouts.
Color
Color can be an effective method to communicate ideas and draw attention to information. Insufficient color and contrast can limit the ability of others to perceive and understand the presentation.
PowerPoint offers a variety of slide themes, but not all of these will provide sufficient contrast. To edit Slide Theme colors:
Select Design > expand the Color Palette Menu to reveal available color combinations.
Select Colors to review the pre-built color palettes or select Customize Colors…to create a slides that have appropriate color contrast.
Select one with accessible contrast, or select Customize Colors… to manually select the colors. Alternatively, you can use other methods in Microsoft PowerPoint to remove or change the current theme in your presentation.
Accessibility Checker
Evaluate your PowerPoint accessibility using the Accessibility Checker. Please read Microsoft’s support to learn how to improve accessibility with the Accessibility Checker.
Errors, Warnings, and Tips
The Accessibility Checker presents the results in a pane on the right-hand side of the interface. It organizes the results into three categories: Errors, Warnings, and Tips.
Errors – Must Fix Errors are issues which indicate content that contains an accessibility issue and is extremely challenging, if not impossible, to read or understand.
Note the following cannot be completely resolved – these results will continuously appear:
Warnings – Most Likely Will Need to Address Warnings indicate that the content may be challenging for individuals with disabilities to read or understand. Resolving some Warning may require the author to consider a different visual or organizational layout.
Tips – Very Helpful Tips are pointers intended to help you improve the user experience of your audience by streamlining and organizing your content in certain ways. Tips provide additional guidance and will appear depending on the content.
The Accessibility Checker is a good starting point towards identifying potential accessibility issues in a document. Microsoft continually updates the Accessibility Checker rules and so newer versions of Microsoft products may result in a different list of accessibility results. Using the Accessibility Checker can help identify some of the more significant accessibility issues present in a document.
To check accessibility:
Select Review.
Select Check Accessibility.
Exporting to Other Formats
Important
Never choose a “Print” to PDF option in Office, or in any other program. A screen reader user may still be able to access the text of a PDF created in this way, but heading structure, alternative text, and any other tag structure will be lost.
Creating a PDF
Mac
Create PDF with PowerPoint using “Save As”
Users of PowerPoint for Mac should be cautioned that exporting to PDF will not yield an accessible, tagged PDF document, it must be remediated using Acrobat Pro.
Create PDF with Acrobat
Use the Acrobat plug-in in the ribbon. Select the Acrobat tab.
Select Create PDF.
Adobe Acrobat will automatically open and present your content in PDF format.
Windows
Create PDF with PowerPoint using “Save As”
Select File > Save As
Select PDF > More options… Alt Text: In the Windows version of PowerPoint, select file, then Save As. Choose PDF from the file format menu, then More Options.
In the Save As dialog, select Options.
Verify in Options dialog that Document structure tags for accessibility is selected. Select OK.
Create PDF with Acrobat
Use the Acrobat plug-in in the ribbon. Select the Acrobat tab.
Select Create PDF.
Windows
Specify your flyer dimensions via the Design tab, select Slide Size > Custom Slide Size…
Determine the Width and Height in inches & select OK. Standard paper size:
Width: 8 in
Height 11 in
The Microsoft Powerpoint dialog will appear. Select Ensure Fit to avoid cropping out content from the slide size frame.
Select Arrange to manage reading order. Apply accessibility principles such as alt text, descriptive hyperlinks,
Creating a Lecture Video of Your PPT presentation
Here are some guidelines for creating and posting PowerPoint lecture presentations.
Create a transcript to read from or prepare an outline of points to help you create concise videos.
An audio recording needs a transcript to allow individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing to access your content.
The transcript is a text equivalent of the audio recording and should include not only the spoken information, but also identify any speakers or other sound effects as part of the recording. A transcript may be useful in its own right as a learning tool for students, who can read the text and search for keywords.
When screencasting, provide a brief description of on-screen content and actions. This provides concept reinforcement and allows students to easily follow along whether they rely on listening or prefer to listen to just the audio to study. Read more about audio description.
Provide your students an accessible version of your presentation and transcript (if available).
Google Docs includes options for adding accessibility information to documents to support access by individuals with disabilities. The best practices for Google Docs accessibility includes attention to:
Headings & Structure
Images
Hyperlinks
Tables
Color
Accessibility Checker
Exporting to Other Formats
Headings & Structure
Page structure provides visual references to help readers scan and organize the content.
Headings
Headings can provide an organizational and navigational framework for a document’s content, communicating both the informational hierarchy and relationship between different sections. Headings also provide a simple mechanism for an individual using assistive technologies to “jump” from one heading to the next when navigating the document.
In the toolbar select the drop-down menu Styles button to reveal all headings.
To make an item a heading in Google Docs, select the Styles drop-down menu, located to the left of the font drop-down menu.
Headings can be marked with the following
Mac keyboard shortcuts:
+Option+1 applies the Heading 1 style
+Option+2 applies the Heading 2 style
+Option+3 applies the Heading 3 style
Windows keyboard shortcuts:
CTRL + ALT + 1 applies the Heading 1 style
CTRL + ALT + 2 applies the Heading 2 style
CTRL + ALT + 3 applies the Heading 3 style
Important considerations
Headings should follow a logical structure that identifies content based on the organizational content and hierarchy of information in the document.
Avoid skipping heading levels – modify the style of the heading if you prefer a specific font or appearance.
Lists
Lists provide a structured order to a group of connected or sequential content. A numbered or bulleted list may present the same information more effectively than simple data tables with fewer steps.
Highlight the grouped list of items.
In the toolbar, select the appropriate list style (i.e, numbered list or bulleted list)
Images
Images that support the content require a text description (also called “alt text”) that communicates the purpose and/or content of the image. This information is presented to the individual using assistive technologies, allowing them to hear the description of the image. Image descriptions should be short and communicate the main purpose of the image. Images that are considered decorative can be marked as such and are ignored by assistive technologies.
If a longer description of the image is necessary to fully explain its content, consider inserting a more detailed description of the image within the document text that precedes and/or follows the image.
Adding Alt Text
Select and right-click the image.
Select Alt Text.
In the Description field, provide a brief and concise description and select OK.
Important considerations
For additional guidance on writing effective text descriptions (i.e., alt text), please review the information on Images.
Technical guidelines
Refrain from placing information in the “Title” field.
Text wrapping guidance
Formatting guidelines
A text description should convey the purpose or content of the image in approximately 120 characters or less. Avoid repeating the same information as contained in the surrounding text.
If the image is complex, consider providing additional information in the surrounding text of the document while providing a shortened text description.
Do not include the file format in the alt text (Example: .JPEG, .PNG)
Do not include “picture of” or “image of” in the alt text.
Hyperlinks
Documents containing hyperlinks to websites or other online resources can be improved by including hyperlink text that is understood by the reader. Using the full URL as the hyperlink text may not make sense to the reader, particularly if it is long.
Place the cursor anywhere on the desired hyperlink. Right-click the hyperlink.
Select Link
Under Text to Display, write the descriptive text for the hyperlink, keeping the text name short and descriptive.
Select Apply.
Color
Color can be an effective method to communicate ideas and draw attention to information. Ensuring there is sufficient contrast as well as using color in combination with other formatting can support a diverse campus community, including individuals with visual disabilities.
Contrast
When choosing colors to present text information in documents, choose color options that provide a contrast ratio of:
4.5:1 for regular text
3:1 for 18 point font and larger, or 14 point font and bold
In general, pastel colors or the “light” version of a particular color do not provide sufficient contrast against a white background.
Contrast ratios may be evaluated using tools such as:
When using color to indicate a specific condition or state, include some formatting attribute to also provide a distinguishing characteristic. For example, if a list of vocabulary words were identified only in red text, this could present difficulties for an individual who had some type of color-blindness.
Options to support accessibility can include a combination of color AND formatting, such as:
Red text with Bold formatting
Using an asterisk, brackets, or other annotation symbols in addition to color
For more information on using color or these tools, please review the information on Color.
Exporting to Other Formats
Google Docs to PDF
At this time Google Docs are not able to produce accessible PDF versions. If you export your Google Docs file as a PDF document, the accessibility information will not be included in the resulting PDF version.
Alternatively, your Google Docs can be downloaded and uploaded into Microsoft Word.
In the toolbar menu, select File > Download > Microsoft Word (.docx).
In Microsoft Word, run the Accessibility Checker, and address any accessibility issues before exporting to a PDF.
Google Slides is a popular tool for creating slide show presentations. Below are some topics that support accessibility in Google Slides.
Headings & Structure
Images
Hyperlinks
Exporting to PowerPoint
Structure
The structure of the content can provide an organizational and navigational framework for individuals to understand the informational hierarchy and relationship between different sections of content. These structural elements can help determine the organization and logical reading order of the presentation for an individual using assistive technologies. Google Slides provides three features, which assist with content structure: Slide Themes, Slide Layouts, and Slide Title.
More information can be found on the Structure page.
Slide Title
The Slide Title is used to provide a heading for the slide’s content. Slide titles should be unique and descriptive to help users navigate to specific content on the slides.
Slide Layout
The Slide Layout provides templates with content regions in a predefined layout. Using a predefined slide layout will help ensure that the slide has the correct heading structure, numbered and bulleted list styles, and reading order.
In the toolbar, select Layout. Select the desired layout.
Managing Reading Order
If creating separate text boxes that are not part of a preset layout, any of this content may not be in the correct reading order. When placing content manually onto a blank slide, you will need to assess and manage the reading order using the Arrange button in the toolbar.
Tab through the slide to see the reading order.
To change the reading order, select on Arrange > Order.
Send Backward will raise the element to a higher reading order (ex., from 3 to 2).
Bring Forward will lower the element to a lower reading order (ex., from 3 to 4).
Test the reading order with the Tab key again.
Although most Slide Layouts and Slide Themes contain slide titles – you may see a blank slide. To provide logical reading order, please note that every slide should have a Slide Title.
Images
Images that support the content require a text description (also called “alternate text”) to communicate the purpose and/or content of the image. Image descriptions should be short and communicate the main purpose of the image. If a longer description of the image is necessary to fully explain its content, consider alternate strategies outlined on the Images page.
To add the alternate text:
Select the image. Right-click.
Select Alt text.
In the Alt Text window, write the alt text in the Description field.
Selec OK.
For additional guidance on writing effective text descriptions (i.e., alt text), please review the Images page.
Hyperlinks
Documents containing hyperlinks to websites or other online resources can be improved by including hyperlink text that is understood by the reader. For instance, using the full hyperlink URL may not make sense to the reader without some context.
Highlight the descriptive word or phrase that will become the hyperlink.
Select InsertLink button in the rich content editor.
Write the hyperlink in the Link field and select Apply.
Exporting to Other Formats
Export to PowerPoint
If you plan to distribute your presentation to others as an MS PowerPoint, download the Google Slides as a PowerPoint Presentation and then run the Accessibility Checker from within PowerPoint. This can help identify any potential accessibility issues and prompt you for corrections.
Download Google Slides as a PowerPoint Presentation.
+Option+2 applies the Heading 2 style
+Option+3 applies the Heading 3 style
+Option+2 applies the Heading 2 style
+Option+3 applies the Heading 3 style
